Stability: Does Gay Marriage Encourage Stable Relationships?

Angelica Causaren Bom25 Stability: Does gay marriage encourage stable relationships? * Being married is a source of stability and commitment  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Case No. S147999 in the Supreme Court of the State of California†: â€Å"Being married is a source of stability and commitment for the relationship between spouses. Barriers to terminating a marriage include feelings of obligation to one’s spouse, children, and other family members; moral and religious values about divorce; legal restrictions; financial concerns; and the expected disapproval of friends and the community. * Gays can have stable relationships w/o marriage  Adam Kolasinksi. â€Å"The Secular Case Against Gay Marriage. † The Tech (M. I. T. ) February 20th, 2004: â€Å"Some argue that homosexual marriages serve a state interest because they enable gays to live in committed relationships. However, there is nothing stopping homosexuals from living in such relationships today. † * Most gays don't care for marriage commitments. Most homosexuals are not interested in the restrictions and commitments of marriage. This simply argues against the notion that offering marriage will have a widespread stabilizing effect. Since very few gays will opt for it, little stability will be gained within the relatively promiscuous gay community. Social gain: Is gay marriage good for society? * Gay marriage is beneficial where it exists today  Alliance Defense Fund on Opposing Views. com. Retrieved 3. 1. 2010: â€Å"Massachusetts no longer shuts committed same-sex couples out of marriage. The sky has not fallen, and actually communities are better off, because promoting responsibility is good for everyone. As observed by the Massachusetts newspaper The Republican, ‘even some of [the] most vocal opponents have come to realize that the controversy over [allowing access to] marriage was a lot of fuss about nothing. ‘ In fact, The Boston Globe reported that in the first election after the discrimination ended, ‘every challenger to a supporter of gay marriage was defeated. ‘† * Gay marriage does not help propagate society  Adam Kolasinksi. â€Å"The Secular Case Against Gay Marriage. † The Tech (M. I. T. February 20th, 2004: â€Å"Homosexual relationships do nothing to serve the state interest of propagating society [†¦ ]. † * Gay marriage does not help society; can't justify costs  Adam Kolasinksi. â€Å"The Secular Case Against Gay Marriage. † The Tech (M. I. T. ) February 20th, 2004: â€Å"Homosexual relationships do nothing to serve the state interest of propagating society, so there is no reason to grant them the costly benef its of marriage. [†¦ ] When a state recognizes a marriage, it bestows upon the couple certain benefits which are costly to both the state and other individuals. Collecting a deceased spouse's social security, claiming an extra tax exemption for a spouse, and having the right to be covered under a spouse's health insurance policy are just a few examples of the costly benefits associated with marriage. In a sense, a married couple receives a subsidy. Why? Because a marriage between to unrelated heterosexuals is likely to result in a family with children, and propagation of society is a compelling state interest. For this reason, states have, in varying degrees, restricted from marriage couples unlikely to produce children. † * Is same-sex marriage good for society? The ongoing debate over civil unions and same-sex marriage often generates more heat than light. * Maggie Gallagher and John Corvino . * Gallagher, a same-sex marriage opponent, argues that marriage between a woman and a man is the fundamental, cross-cultural institution for insuring that children have loving, committed mothers and fathers. Corvino, a same-sex marriage advocat e, argues that recognizing same-sex unions would be good not only for gay people, but also for society at large, since society has an interest in supporting stable, loving relationships for all its members. In the course of their debates, Gallagher and Corvino address many sub-topics: the needs of children, the complementarity of the sexes, the analogy to the civil-rights movement, the alleged slippery-slope towards polygamy and polyamory, and the implications for religious freedom. They work together to promote a more productive conversation on these issues. Rosalia Pere BOM25 *society * Same sex Marriage also known as gay marriage or gender-neutral marriage is marriage between two persons of the same biological sex or social gender. Homosexual relationships are increasingly gaining the acceptance in other countries. But still banned in the Philippines. Possible reasons for same sex marriage: -Homosexuality is accepted lifestyle nowadays with most evidence strongly supporting biological causation. -Legalizing same sex marriage will be big help for orphanage since same sex partners cannot pro-create which would probably brought them to adopt. Possible reasons against same sex: -It would weaken the definition and respect for institutional of marriage. -It would further weaken the traditionally family values. Marriage is a special contract of permanent union between a man and the woman entered into accordance with law for the establishment of conjugal and family law. Recently we’ve seen Filipino gay and lesbian couples getting married in the Philippines. Resparkling the debate on same sex marriage. Philippine laws do not recognize and protect same sex marriage. It doesn’t matter which religion you belong. Unlike certain matters like divorce. Traditionally in our country marriage has been defined as a religious and legal commitment between man and woman as well the ultimate expression of love . Status of same sex marriage: Philippines: The New People's Army of the Philippines conducted the country’s first same-sex marriage in 2005. However it was not recognized by the government. Within the government there has been some debate on the issue of same-sex unions. The Roman Catholic Church stands in fierce opposition to any such unions. But since 1991 the Metropolitan Community Church Philippines has been conducting Same Sex Holy Unions in the Philippines. As of 2010, the issue of same-sex marriage is not â€Å"under consideration† in the Philippines. The only thing under consideration is a possible ban on same-sex marriage, including refusal to recognize marriages performed overseas. No political party has placed gay rights on its platform aside from Akbayan, a small party with only one representative in Congress. Question : †¢Why the number of homosexuality increase in our society ? Jaimee marcaida Do Catholics oppose same-sex marriage because they think sex is dirty? Do they not want others to have fun? The Catholic Church takes a very high view of marriage and human sexuality. As the account of Genesis shows, marriage and sexuality were created by God and given to mankind as gifts for our benefit. Scripture records God's statement that â€Å"it is not good that the man should be alone; I will make him a helper fit for him† (Gen. 2:18). As a result, â€Å"a man leaves his father and his mother and cleaves to his wife, and they become one flesh† (Gen. 2:24). Some may forego the good of marriage to serve a higher calling (cf. Matt. 19:10-12), but it is a good nevertheless. Marriage is a conduit through which God's grace flows to the couple and their children. The Catholic Church understands marriage between a baptized man and woman to be a sacrament, a visible sign of the grace that God gives them to help them live their lives here and now so as to be able to join him in eternity. 2 For Catholics, marriage is social as well as religious, but its religious. aspects are very important. The Bible repeatedly compares the relationship between man and wife to that between God and Israel (cf. Hos. 9:1) or between Christ and his Church (cf. Eph. 5:21-32). For Catholics, marriage is a holy vocation. Since the Church sees marriage as holy, it believes it must be treated with reverence. It also recognizes that marriage is basic to the health of society and therefore a public institution that must be defended against harm. Marriage is a public institution. Consequently, proposals that could harm the institution of marriage must be subjected to the same sort of objective analysis that we give any public policy question. Marriage is not just a private matter of emotion between two people. On the contrary, its success or failure has measurable impact on all of society. Rational analysis yields solid, objective reasons for limiting marriage to one man and one woman-reasons anyone can agree with on purely secular grounds. Our analysis will show that prohibition of homosexual marriage is not just a â€Å"fairness† issue, nor does it require anyone to â€Å"force religious dogma† down anyone else's throat. Nor is it a manifestation of hatred, as proponents sometimes suggest. â€Å"Marriage is a special contract of permanent union between a man and a womanentered into in accordance with law for the establishment of conjugal and family life. it should not be legalizad in the philippines because we are the only christian dominant country in asia, and because Filipinos valued marriage a lot and respect its meaning and its purpose in the cycle of life. Furthermore Filipinos are applying in their culture the christian virtues and that includes marriage. Same sex marriage will never prosper in the Philippines for two reasons: one because of the strong Catholic upbringing of most Filipinos, and two, because Filipino homosexuals are far from united. Marriage is a bond between a man and a woma Marriage is a special contract of permanent union between a man and a womanentered into in accordance with law for the establishment of conjugal and family life. † This is part of the definition provided in Section 1 of the Family Code. The Supreme Court stated in a 2007 case that one of the most sacred social institutions is a special contract of permanent union between a man and a woman, referring to the institution of marriage. One of its essential requisites of marriage is the legal capacity of the contracting parties who must be a male and a female. ecause most of us are raised in Christian families; thus, espouses the doctrine that a man is made only for a woman especially in the Philippine Family Code. The Code is explicit in providing for a marriage between a male and a female. Even the present Philippine Constitution advocates the same idea as implied from instituting the family as a basic social institution. Marriages are entered into in view of creating families. Pro creation is obviously possible only between members of different sexes.

Israeli and Palestinian War Essay

The current international community had been exposed to many different conflicts due to many different causes. However, one of the most important factors of the conflicts arising in the global community is cultural conflicts which different ethnicities have. One of the few ethnic groups that are having such conflict is the Israelis and the Palestinians. These two ethic groups has a long history of conflict together which until the present time, was still not resolved due to the over lapping issues that these groups have. Although there are many actions done in order to entirely put an end to the long and overlapping clash of both these ethnic groups, there are still a big gap between both conflicting parties. In order to understand both the parties involved in the conflict, it would be best to first have a historical background of both the parties involved. Therefore, a background of these two ethnicities should be fore mostly presented to provide a just research upon this topic. History of Israel and their culture: Israel is the very embodiment of Jewish continuity: It is the only nation on earth that inhabits the same land, bears the same name, speaks the same language, and worships the same God that it did 3,000 years ago. You dig the soil and you find pottery from Davidic times, coins from Bar Kokhba, and 2,000-year-old scrolls written in a script remarkably like the one that today advertises ice cream at the corner candy store. (Krauthammer, 1998, n. p. ) Israel had gone through many changes through time including different wars and challenges that had occurred to the state. Most of the books regarding the history of Israel discusses and mentions the book of the Bible as one of main sources for the description of the country’s heritage. As said in the book entitled â€Å"A History of Israel† written by John Bright (2000) and William Brown (2000), â€Å"The history of Israel is the history of a people which came into being at a certain point in time as a league of tribes united in covenant with Yahweh, which subsequently existed as a nation, then as two nations and finally as a religious community† (Bright and Brown, 2000, p. xvii). The authors continuously added that the important key points of the history of Israel are their religion and the subject cannot be separated from one another. The history of the state of Israel dates back in the thirteenth century in which the Hebrew patriarchs migrated from Mesopotamia to a new territory—Palestine. The migration acted as the beginning of Israel and its history. However, the history of Israel is much more depicted, as said by different books, in most parts of the Bible. The religious writing has all the accounts of the history and also the culture of Israel as well as those that are in the same region as they are. Not only is the history of this country was put into account but also the countless culture with me and women as well as the type of family that they have. Just merely basing the culture of Israel in the holy scripture of the bible a person may easily say that Israelis are conservative in nature for they are the people are the first and foremost people had experience the so called â€Å"life of Jesus here on earth. † Given such situation, there ethnic group bases their life style depending on the scriptures that they are being told by the prophets and the leaders of their religious group. As presented in many different books of the Bible, the group of religious leaders is the main influence of the king of the country. The religious leaders influence the king which then influences the society. Due to the religion based norms of the Israelites, they are mostly known to follow the strict rules of the Holy Scriptures. If any Israelite by-passes any rule that is not in the book of the bible, will be punished through the listed ways of available in the laws also made by the religious leaders. However, in many internet sites as well as books relating to the cultural background of the Israelites but still, the religious factor of Christianity could not be removed from their culture. It is one of the factors in which Israel is known as such, just like the statement left by the authors Bright and Brown in the top part of this paper. Israel had encountered different wars and different changes in the society such as the Arab-Israeli war in which have dated many years back which was one May 1948. There are other wars that followed which are: the Sinai War (1956), Six Day War (1967) and the Yom Kippur War (1973). Through all these wars, major different transform had happened to Israel which leads to the different beliefs that they have now. (***) Although they have gone through many different transformations within their society, currently it is said that the Modern Israel society is shifting towards the western culture. The different cultural material such as dance, poems, and literatures are now being thought as a modern interpretation of the Israeli culture. However, there are few authors who do think that the system of modernization of the Israeli culture somehow puts a dent on the collective norms of the society. In an article entitled â€Å"Westernization and the Decline of Collective Culture† it stated that: Israel, whose main dividing line is ethnica large part of the relevance of the word ‘west’ relates to Eastern Europe – the Ashkenazi ‘homeland’ – as the Western part of the line. The ‘West’ meant the beginnings of Zionism, the Eastern European center and, to a lesser extent, Western Europe, the center of Herzlian Zionism and daily Zionist politics. As the Yishuv assumed an identity that was defined against both the Arab East and the Jews who came from there, the Eastern European character of the society was utterly clear. It has already been mentioned that the early waves of Zionist Zionist Aliyah, dominated totally by the Eastern and East-Central European background of the Olim, defined their way of life as a revolt against that of Eastern European Jewry. Nevertheless, such an influence could not be dismissed so easily. (â€Å"Westernization and the Decline of Collective Culture† , n. p. ). There are different ethnic groups in Israel given that they have ancestors that came from Europe and Asia with different religions. Given all these, their whole society is diverse however the infiltration of new and modern ideas from the west stills a puzzle that is in need of a place in the Jewish community own society. History of Palestine and their culture: Palestine on the other hand is state wherein the Israel has a conflict. For many years now, the state had been in a very complicated condition because of its relationship with its neighboring country—Israel. In comparison with Israel, Palestine is mainly composed with Arab nationalities. Palestine is a country in conflict with the territorial boundaries with its neighbors however, it is the sate of Israel that it has the strongest conflict with. In recent years, Palestine had been in front of the international news due to its war is Israel where in the Gaza Strip is the main location for the war of both states. Much news about the war of both these countries had spread all over the world therefore, other countries with interest in both Israel and Palestine sprung up in the war which made it a much globalized issue. Palestine, just like Israel is a conservative nation however, Arabs have a different belief and a different religion in which they follow. Because of the unequal and hard to justify territorial conflict that both these countries have, there are Israelites in Palestine and vice versa. This situation makes it more complicated because the conflict is not only within the Gaza Strip but within the states. The conflict is not war between the said nations but the conflict of different citizens of diverse religion has conflict with each other. The situation becomes societal which would only cause a deeper conflict with other nationalities. Conformity: It is known that every one in the society wants to have acceptance of the society that an individual is in to. Every action always leads to being accepted in the society and being one of the individuals surrounding him or her. Although Israelis are the least part of the world to be transformed by the growing trend of being modernized, it seems that whenever there are eyes closely looking or investigating there must be changes in which every one must have. Given that we are in a changing and shifting world, everyone is expected to follow. But if the culture of Israel is seen, the years of conservatism and their historic influences a big hindrance for making the big step of development in the eyes of the western countries. The complication and whether being with the trend of the world or conserving the past is still confusion for most of the Israelis. Although there is uncertainty if the society needs to follow the global trend or not, there is a great possibility that without noticing and being too occupied with the issues the state currently have, the society could slowly shift away form those issues and focus more into something that they could enjoy or are very new to them. One of the new things that they could enjoy is he western culture which promotes freedom and indulgence of the things in life. On the other hand, Palestine is a state in which there everyone must conform in the society. Given that there are people living in Palestine who are Jews, there is a great possibility that conflict will arise. The Jews within the Palestinian territory is in need of the conforming in the society they are living in or just rebel against it and sacrifice themselves. Being dissimilar in terms of religion while living in space with an individual with another religion may raise conflict. Religion does not only create a clash in terms of their different holy scriptures and other materials but also a conflict within the society they are in. there would be debates in which they would present the great and the not so great religion. However, the conflict would not be addressed in such way therefore, actions much be done to create a stop in the conflicting parties involved in this situation. Social Perception and Social Cognition: Both Israel and Palestine exercises social perception and social cognition through the actions that these states and each of their culture have. However, their culture always leads to the concept of being accepted by the society given that they have very different religious beliefs. But between the two of these ethnic groups, the Palestinians are demanding more recognition and acceptance in the global community given that they are still a new state which had been separated from Israel, and their neighboring countries. Palestine seeks to have and create actions that would mediate their call for acceptance (â€Å"International Recognition of the State of Palestine, n. p. †) even if there are group of individuals that would be greatly affected with the situation. Provided that fact that one of the most important aspects of being a new state is to be accepted by all other states in the world in order to act and participate in the activities within the global community. It is a serious matter of the Palestinian people and the government to attract the attention of the global community through the wars and all other battles that they have. Israel on the other hand is more leading to the concept of social perception due to the actions those individuals chooses to have in their lives. The dilemma of being within the trend of the international community such as having western shows and western influences are now a concept of problem that the Israeli society has. The fear of wholly losing their history and the beliefs that their ancestors had given them one of the greatest concepts that every conservatives fear. However, the new society or some individuals does not see the history and Israeli culture as a hindrance to their society. Thus, the historical factors as well as the cultural aspects are strong compared to other societies therefore, Israelis should not fear the changing world, and thus they should try and be open to new possibilities such as the western culture. In conclusion, the conflicts of the two of these ethnic groups are thus a problem of not meeting of the same interests, history and religion. Given all these differences, their priorities are varying which makes it hard for these ethnic group to realize that they should create a middle ground or something that they have together in order to fully create a stop to the conflict that they have. References Bright, J. & Brown W. , (2000) A History of Israel. Kentucky: John Knox Press. Krauthammer, C. (11 May 1998). â€Å"Israel Celebrates their 60 years of Independence. †Weekly Standard Retrieved 8 August 2008 from http://www. science. co. il/Israel-history. asp. â€Å"Westernization and the Decline of Collective Culture.† n. d. Department of Jewish Zionist Education. Retrieved 10 Aug 2008 from http://www. jafi. org. il/education/culture/onisraeli/14-west. html. â€Å"Country Fact Sheets from the CLP. † n. d. Common Language Project. Retrieved 10 Aug 2008 from http://clpmag. org/content/pages/factsheets/palestine. php. â€Å"International Recognition of the State of Palestine. † Palestinian National Authority. Retrieved 10 August 2008 from http://web. archive. org/web/20060404211437/http://www. pna. gov. ps/Government/gov/recognition_of_the_State_of_Palestine. asp.

Forensic Psychology: Fitness for Duty Evaluation

The nature of fitness-for-duty evaluations is different from other psychological services in that they involve a mandatory referral to the psychologist and fitness Information Is communicated to the department Thus, specific issues of psychologist training and knowledge are crucial. Fitness for duty evaluation Police Psychologists play substantial roles In the employment and maintenance of law enforcement. A main role the psychologist plays is in the area of psychological assessment.The Fitness for duty evaluation (FED) assesses and evaluates a police officer's personality, psychology, intelligence, and overall fit for the line of work. This type of assessment Is also frequently conducted through pre-employment psychological screenings. This paper briefly addresses the pre;employment psychological screening. However, the primary focus is on the forensic psychologist's role as it applies to the FED. Pre-employment psychological screenings are designed to Identify unsuitable police can didates.Testing has become more complex over the years in order to detect Issues not easily identified In earlier standard testing. (Derrick & Chaplain, 2006). Several tests, such as the Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory (IMP) and the Inlaid Personality Inventory (PUPIL have become more utilized for this purpose over the years . Research has established that these tests, particularly the PIP, tend to be successful In predicting negative indicators for aspects such as officer performance after training (Singing, Schumacher, Gardner, &Chaplin, 1995).It has also been found that The Pl and IMP have also proven effective in detecting dishonest test answers. Importantly, it has been suggested the test detects Is best at Identifying unsophisticated deceivers while superior ones are more successful In cheating the tests (Forum &: stock, Tests such as the NEO Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO PI-R) is 993). Frequently used as a predict recruits that will perform well once on the job (Derrick & Callahan, 2006).Other research (Derrick & Callahan, 2006) suggests that the NEO PI-R Is able to foresee which recruits will perform well as officers. Some experts also believe that the NEO PI-R may be utilized in recognizing weaknesses in cleared emcee candidates Ana teen strengthening tense areas. Thanes-Tort-AU evaluations (Fades) are often in response to an officer's display of some form of questionable behavior. These behaviors may include aspects such as stress, excessive force, substance abuse, psychological disorders, depression, or family problems.The evaluation is conducted in order to determine several key factors. These include the decision as to if the officer should continue at present duty level, if treatment or intervention is needed, or if Job task modifications are necessary. The assessment typically comprises a review of the officer's records. Aspects of the record such as awards, commendations, and reprimands are measured. Additionally, individual sessions with the officer are often conducted. Interviews with family are often conducted as well.Lastly, a medical examination is frequently recommended to establish or rule out other issues affecting the officer (Bartok & Bartok, 2008) In addition to use for recruitment, Psychological tests such as The Operational Police Stress Questionnaire (Soup) and the Organizational Police Stress Questionnaire (SQ-Org) are frequently utilized to in both recruitment and to measure stress levels in active duty officers. (Macrame & Thompson, 2006). Duty-related stress is measured by the SQ-Pop and the SQ. Org measures stress that is caused from the actual law enforcement organization.The tests were designed in this way due to data that has established that these two groups are the main stress generating areas for officers. The role of the forensic psychologist as it pertains to FED is of interest to this student for several reasons. First of all, research has established that psychological servi ces play a vital role throughout law enforcement agencies. Law enforcement officials have begun to recognize and acknowledge the need for psychological services designed to deal with the unique culture among police officers. Another reason of interest is the value in psychological testing.Psychological tests can be used to assist in recruit selection as well as stress testing for current officers. Furthermore, the creation of additional and improved tools as a result of developing research and development for the purpose of improving law enforcement organizations is exciting. â€Å"Psychologists provide services, teach, and conduct research with populations and in areas only within the boundaries of their competence, based on their education, training, supervised experience, consultation, study, or professional experience† (PAP, 2002, p. 1063; Standard 2. AAA Boundaries of Competence).

Euthanasia and the right to choose Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Euthanasia and the right to choose - Essay Example Conservative people, although they use individual rights as part of their principles, do not believe in the right to die, seeing life as too valuable. On the contrary, liberal people typically see the right to die as a matter of personal choice and a good option for those who do not desire to continue living. Of course, to talk about these applied ethical issues, one needs a grasp of underlying normative ethical theories (asking â€Å"what is good?† in general), instead of relying solely on an intuitive grasp of what is good in this particular situation. There are a number of perspectives to consider in the issue of assisted suicide; from each of these viewpoints, assisted suicide is a moral practice that ought to be upheld. The discussion of assisted suicide is divided between those in favor, those opposed, and those with some position in between. For the purposes of this essay, the only answers to the question of assisted suicide’s ethical foundation are â€Å"ethica l† and â€Å"unethical†. Those who believe assisted suicide is ethical tend to believe that the practice, if put into law, is not morally problematic and that it should be allowed to occur. Likewise, those who believe the opposite tend to believe that if any case of assisted suicide is allowed, dire circumstances will result. ... rk is the duty every human being has to not kill another human being; this means that no matter what the circumstances are, or the consequences, it is immoral to kill another person. Because this duty is universal and non-conditional, it is quite clear in its application to the issue of assisted suicide. A different moral theory, which is quite different from deontology, is utilitarianism. â€Å"Utilitarians take a rather different perspective†¦ their rules are based on some calculation of the consequences of decisions or actions† (Feinberg and Feinberg 185). In other words, it is only the consequences of the action that matter, not the duty one has to another person. Under this theory, if a suffering person requests assistance in their suicide, then the moral action is to help him kill himself, since that action would ease that person’s suffering and thus lead to the greatest good. If one accepts the utilitarian view of ethics as the truth, the argument for assist ed suicide is quite clear. Since assisted suicide is a very situational, or circumstantial, issue (that is, the conditions and diagnoses of doctors are often unclear), it does not make sense for a deontologist to cite a moral rule that applies in all situations, when that theories has no knowledge of the variety of different situations other people have to live with. Because the utilitarian can evaluate cases of assisted suicide on a case-by-case basis, without calling the practice immoral in itself, he or she has more freedom to address the issue fairly. The applied ethics debate over euthanasia is typically framed around the normative claim of its permissibility, which is then followed by objections and responses launched from those who find it to be a morally reprehensible act. Nevertheless, we are faced

Examine the reason why chinese restaurant has been becoming popular in Essay

Examine the reason why chinese restaurant has been becoming popular in UK - Essay Example Two thirds of this is chilled, having grown by 26% in value terms since 2002; however, frozen sales are bucking the general trend for long-term decline that has been witnessed across the other ethnic cuisine markets. The main purpose of the study is to find out the reasons attached with the popularity of Chinese restaurants in U.K. The main aim of this paper is to summarise what has been written so far about the advantages of the Chinese food and to examine the reasons of the popularity of Chinese food in UK. Although there is not a very large amount of data available on the topic which was the main reason of undertaking the research study on the topic but still below I will present a review of the literature written so far. The increasing problem of obesity has been an important issue in the last decades in UK, which has lead to a remarkable transition in the structure of the diet of British people (Popkin et al., 1993). The composition of the Chinese diet is lower in fat and meat, and higher in carbohydrates and fiber (Du et al., 2004). Additionally, decreased levels of physical activity and leisure are linked to increases in the prevalence of an overweight condition, obesity and diet-related non-communicable diseases (Du et al., 2002). In 1980s a new breed of Chinese restaurant arrived (at least it took that long to reach the provinces) which provided lighter, tastier Chinese cooking demonstrating regional differences. There was one drawback, however, which was that this new type of restaurant was much more expensive than the original cheap ‘n tasteless ones (Canham, 2005) The success of Chinese dishes depends very much on the authenticity of the recipes, cooking equipment, and ingredients. Because of the sheer popularity of Chinese cuisine in the West, there are plenty of Chinese takeaways and restaurants here. But to suit the perceived Western palate, restaurants often alter

Application for a Registered Nurse Position Essay

Application for a Registered Nurse Position - Essay Example The paper "Application for a Registered Nurse Position" presents an example of a job application for a registered nurse position in the medical-surgical telemetry unit of a facility that consistently scores high in patient and employees satisfaction and has wonderful benefit packages such as tuition reimbursement, and good retirement package. I possess the necessary qualifications and credentials required for the position advertised. I would like to be part of the organization because it offers challenging opportunities, favorable for personal and career progression. I am also interested in the vacant position in order to share my skills and experiences that I gained in the previous jobs that I have handled in my career. I am a registered nurse with 2 years’ experience in Medical-Surgical Unit. I attended San Jacinto College of Nursing Pasadena Texas from 2011 to 2013 and currently enrolled in a bachelor’s degree program at the University of Texas Arlington. I have a me dical-surgical certification and also certified in Advanced Cardiac Life support. I am well experienced in taking care of Medical Surgical patients, and will not have any problem taking care of the similar patient in your facility. Additionally, I am a member of American Nursing Association and National Society of Collegiate Scholars. I am a team player, available to work flexible schedules, very punctual and hard working. I am willing to attend the interviews when called upon by the recruitment committee.

Segmented Marketing and Branding Big Mac Research Paper

Segmented Marketing and Branding Big Mac - Research Paper Example This paper focuses upon Big Mac, a hamburger which was introduced by McDonald’s in Pennsylvania in the year 1967 with a selling price of 45 cents. It was promulgated on a national scale in 1968. The burger was created to contend with Big Boy sandwich, a similar type of item with a bread slice in between with the purpose of holding together the stuffing and averting spill out. Over the years, it has become a signature product of the company with an exceptional brand name. It consists of two layers of beef patties merged with molten cheese and mouth watering sauce along with an onion and munch of pickle, served together in a delicious three division sesame seed bun. Iceberg Lettuce is also a core ingredient of the burger. The Big Mac is popular all over the world and is often regarded as an icon of American capitalism. In fact, the Big Mac Index is used as an indicative factor for contrasting the cost of living in countries around the world since its availability is common. This index is also considered to be Burgernomics. There exist several branding theories which identify brand as a unique feature of value proposition of a company. A branding promotion initiates with the development of a value proposition and relies on inspired apparatus along with a combination of consistency, continuity and commitment. The brand of Big Mac, ever since its establishment, has not looked back. It has been able to build its reputation not only in the United States but across 119 countries in the world. The brand of Big Mac is not just a name or a symbol. It has become a vital component of the relationship which McDonald’s has established with its consumers. For the consumers of McDonald’s in general, Big Mac, as a brand, has set its place in the hearts and minds of the consumers. For any brand, its real value exists in its ability and power to retain customer’s brand loyalty by influencing their preferences. The brand strategy of Big Mac has been so s uccessful that it has been thriving in the market as the leading hamburger choice for quite sometime. Being a powerful brand in its own domain, the brand equity of Big Mac is significant. It has been able to develop a positive differential effect upon its consumers and consequently, create a value for itself among people in different continents. McDonald’s have always made use of Big Mac’s classical taste and enriched quality in setting up its Brand Positioning. In this manner, the company has been able to devise such a competitive combination attributes, benefits, beliefs and values for the brand Big Mac that they have been able to develop the image of it in the minds of their consumers in the manner in which they wanted. Likewise, another core brand strategy

Human resource Research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Human resource - Research Paper Example But to most modern organizations, the urge and need to ensure effectiveness and efficiency in human resource management remains a very crucial challenge. Because of this, even though there is the practice of human resource management, this is not done in a very well regulated and coordinated manner that meets the growth and developmental aspiration of the organizations (Pattanayak, 2009). Through various forms of research conducted, the researcher has come to realize that in modern day administration and management of organizations, one element that plays a very key role is the use of information systems. Generally, technology has come to have such an important place in organizational management that the elimination of information systems in the management of organizations means that organizations will be stagnated in their growth and development agenda, just as the absence of an effective and efficient human resource management would lead to. In this research paper therefore, the tw o phenomena of human resource management and information systems are combined into a term that is rapidly gaining grounds in organizational management, which human resource information system. ... ed for them to wholly go about their traditional human resource management roles such as benefit, payroll, and labor productivity management and also undertake various tasks with information technology becomes very challenging, expensive and time consuming. Pattanayak, (2009) however notes that there cannot be an easy way out with the two options, which are human resource management and information technology. To compliment the two independent roles therefore, human resource information system is introduced as a bridging gap that â€Å"seeks to merge the activities associated with human resource management (HRM) and information technology (IT) into one common database through the use of enterprise resource planning (ERP) software† (Business Dictionary, 2013). In a much generalized sense therefore, one may view human resource information system as the role of information technology in human resource management. From a more technical viewpoint however, human resource information system goes beyond the mere use of computers and the internet to make the roles of human resource management easier. Human resource information system actually is an independent phenomenon on its own that seeks not just to use information technology in human resource management but make the combined use of information technology and human resource management easier and accessible. For all organizations who would undertake very proactive research and development to identify the human resource information system needs that they are faced with, the advantage is that they would have an effective and efficient human resource management in place. This is because Stewart (2009) has observed that the merger between human resource management and information technology that is done bring about a less

FINAL PROJECT MUSIC HISTORY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

FINAL PROJECT MUSIC HISTORY - Essay Example At a tender age of 6, I kept a record and memorized the lyrics of this and other two songs ‘You and Me Against the World’ and ‘Rainbow Connection’ to remind me of the value of hope and that there is always somebody I can count on to cheer me up when situations seemed unfair or depressing. Due to low self-esteem, I had a typical encounter of an unhappy childhood and whenever I heard these songs played, I could readily sense a point of deep connection that often encouraged me to ponder that sad moments are equally essential to life. Such inspiration would then drive me back to delight in playing again and forget what made me previously lose heart in the first place. When I grew to reach my adolescence, despite the prevailing contemporary music of my age, I kept getting engrossed to the old songs which were mostly favorites of my parents. They had a versatile taste of music ranging from the 50s up to the late 70s so at the time, I acquired varied influences among classic, rock n roll, ballad, rhythm and blues, and jazz. Being an adolescent, I realized having to deal with frequent emotional struggles made by confusion, insecurity, and some degree of identity crisis. Because this is such period of impulse and aggression, like the other youth, I desired to explore freedom of self-expression and means to satisfy curiosity on a number of objects. It was as if I always thought with pride that I was right on several respects so though I am a female, back then I possessed a rebellious attitude and wore semi-deviant or thrash outfit which depicted part of my inclination to alternative rock. On different levels, I appreciated sound-tripping to the music of Smashing Pumpkins, Metallica, and Tool which to me are among the reputed bands whose members are downright authentic as quality musicians. In their mainstream hits such as ‘1979’, ‘Cherub Rock’, ‘Sad But True’,

“Harlem” by Hughes Essay Example for Free

â€Å"Harlem† by Hughes Essay Nowadays Langston Hughes is considered to be one of the well-known and most influential African-American poets in the twentieth century. His poetry was published from the Harlem Renaissance when the African-American artists along with their works had been flourishing in Harlem till the beginning of Black Movements as well as Civil Rights. Hughes’ brief poem â€Å"Harlem† introduces eternal themes seen throughout his volume â€Å"Montage of Dream Deferred† as well as throughout his life and career as a poet. The poem â€Å"Harlem† emphasizes the living conditions of people with limited dreams which are put off and lost in Harlem in post-war period. Therefore the poet touched the deepest and most painful themes of those times. Actually the main theme of the poem is to present that postponing person’s dreams and desires will inevitably result in deconstruction. (Hughes 1996) The questions of the poem are addressed to social consequences of many deferred dreams and they are hinting at racial strife as well as at resentment erupted with the Black movements and Civil Rights during 1950-1960s. Throughout the poem the author sketches many decayed and wasted images and represents in such a way that the dream is lost and fated. It is seen in the poem that many potential consequences are influencing only single dreamers. The ending of the poem persuades that despair can â€Å"explode† if being epidemic and will result in political and social damage. (Hughes 1996) It is apparent that the poem is full of extraordinary and interesting literary devices. For example, the author uses many rhetorical questions simply because he wants these questions to be answered themselves. First stanza is characterized by a rhetoric question using also a simile â€Å"like a raisin in the sun†, â€Å"sags like a heavy load†, â€Å"like rotten meat†, â€Å"like a sore†, â€Å"like a syrupy sweet†, etc, that will be discussed below. The last stanza is characterized by using a question along with metaphor â€Å"does it explode? †. The metaphor is the symbol of drastic difference between unsuccessful reaching a desired dream and making dream come true. (Hughes 1996) The poem has its own irregular rhyme: meat-sweet, load-explode, sun-run. The author uses irregular meter – he stresses different syllables in every line varying their length in each line. Such rhyme makes and impression of sense of nervous energy and increase frustration. The rhyme is formed on musical forms such as â€Å"jazz, ragtime, swing, blues, boogie-woogie, and bebop† as the author was really fond of them. The poem is characterized by sudden nuances and conflicting changes. (Hughes 1996) Hughes in his poem uses a series of similes in order to depict and describe in more vivid way what is happening to a dream when it is put off. There are five similes in the poem: 1. The first simile is in the third line: â€Å"dry up like a raisin in the sun†. This simile suggests that the human’s dream has been already forgotten. (Hughes 1996) 2. The second simile is in the fourth line: â€Å"fester like a sore†. The simile outlines that dream eats a person and aggravates him as it is not obtained. 3. The third simile is in the sixth line: â€Å"stink like rotten meat†. This simile suggests that it is a dream that makes a person crazy and mad, because he realizes he is unable to make his dream come true. (Hughes 1996) 4. The fourth simile is in the eighth line: â€Å"sugar over like a syrupy sweet†. This simile point out that the dream is seen in the horizon and a person can taste it as it is close to him. 5. The fifth simile is in the tenth line: â€Å"sags like a heavy load†. The simile questions if dream is a burden for dreamer. (Hughes 1996) In conclusion it is necessary to notice that I prefer drama and therefore was strongly influenced by â€Å"Harlem† as it makes realistic portrays of real people who underwent negative treatment because of racist attitudes and stereotypes. I agree with the author that those stereotypes have to be countered as all people are equal in the world. (Hughes 1996) References Hughes, Langston. (1996, June 25). A Dream Deferred. Retrieved September, 28, from http://www.cswnet.com/~menamc/langston. htm

Biryani cuisine

Biryani cuisine Biryani is an extremely varied componnent of Pakistani cuisine, which enjoys substantial popularity among the populace.   It has many types in the world, quite a few of which are being consumed in Pakistan. While searching on the net I came across an interesting fact which stated that historians claim, in Punjab earlier Nawabs used to wear matching turbans according to the biryani they ate. Nizams kitchen boasted 49 types of biryanis   with aberrant constituents such as hare, quail and deer. However, today the generality tends to stick to chicken lamb and beef. Awadi Biryani of Lucknow is considered to   a benchmark of many types of biryanis and is considered to be an imprint of Mughal Empire on eastern India. The Sindhi   variant of biryani most popular in Karachi and Lahore finds its roots in awadi biryani. However, it has been varied slightly to match local tastes by augmenting elements of Bombay biryani and Calcutta biryani (by adding potatoes).PIA serves this version of biryani on its international flights to preputuate the feel of Pakistani cuisines. Another type offered in the Punjab and northern areas is referred to as vegetable biryani which comes with many virtues attached. It is usually offered with sour yogurt that serves to cool off the stomach ulcers. This type finds its footing in the tehari biryani popular in Indian homes. Further, we have the memoni   biryani which is highly popular amongst the batwa memons in specific and karachities In particular. The ingrediants used to make this particular type include lamb, potatoes and onions. However, unlike its Sindhi counterpart it uses less tomatoes and artificial food colorations. Anarkali biryani is quite popular in Punjab and is served at grand feasts. It is usually made out of boneless chicken and is garnished with green cardamoms cashew nuts pistachios and chilghozas. Another unique type consumed with relish by many Pakistanis is dumpukht. It is believed to be influenced by hyderabadi and Awadi biryanis, yet maintains a distinct method and taste. Artificial flavourings are highly disapproved. Marinated meat, herbs and spicies are placed in a sealed clay pot and allowed to cook in its own steam and juices. allowing herbs and spices to fully infuse the meat or rice, preserving the nutritional elements at the same time. In the best biryanis, grains of rice are well-cooked yet do not stick to one another. Fish and prawn versions of biryani are now being adopted in many higher middle class households in Pakistan. Besides adding a tocuh of elegance to the otherwise ‘desi dish, the   variation is considered to be highly nutricious. This form of biryani traces it s roots to the Ranipet Biryani and the Dindigul Curry Biryani   of kerala. An interesting form which is now gaining popularity is the masoor biryani which combines masoor pulse with rice in order to create a low chelestrol highly nutrious receipe. ‘Kashmiris use asafoetida in Biryani, which is unique, and all the ingredients are marinated overnight. Bhatkali biryani are popular in the west nd parts in balochistan. It has Irani influence and has come through spice route. Other types were: (Kofta, egg, peshawari, shahjehani, goosht dum, madarassi) But I couldnt find much about them other than their receipes, which changed slightly with the names, the basic procedure remaining the same :S http://hubpages.com/hub/What-Is-Biryani http://www.scribd.com/doc/20523299/Biryani%E2%80%A6by-Jerson-Fernandes http://www.shantanughosh.com/2007/08/biryani-stories.html

The Influences Of Tolkien In T Essay -- essays research papers

The Influences of Tolkien The influences of Tolkien are many and great, but of them all, three stand out most; his great love of nature that sprung from his experiences as a youth in the English Countryside, his acute sensitivity and desire to master language, and his involvement in trench warfare in the Great War. Tolkien himself vehemently denied that the war affected his story at all. 'The real war does not resemble the legendary war its process or conclusion. If I had been inspired or directed in the development of the legend, then certainly the ring would have been seized and used against Sauron.'; Tolkien's love of language persisted throughout his life from his child hood years till adulthood. When he was a boy he would study Welsh names that would rush by on railway coal cars, a...

Evolutionism :: Science, Theories, Darwinism

What is Evolution? Evolution is the theory that all living things in the world have come into being through a non-guided, natural process starting from a primeval mass of subatomic particles and radiation, over 20 billion years ago (History). This theory says that all living things have increased intelligence or have changed in other ways over many, many years.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The theory of evolution hasn’t been around for ever. Before the 20th century, people wanted to understand the world around them, but many of them believed that God created everything. A small number of scientists believed that living things had evolved from each other and there was no God. The theory was sort of a dream or manifestation without any original grounds for belief. Over time more and more people looked into evolutionism and they developed possibilities of how it occurred. Many theories were developed, but someone always disproved them. Recently with the discovery of genetic mutation and a new understanding of genes and DNA, the evidence supporting evolution has greatly increased.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Charles Darwin was one scientist who helped to increase the evidence supporting evolution. Darwin developed the idea of â€Å"natural selection† where living things that reproduced in large numbers and survived became dominant and other living things adapted to survive, or they died. Francis Crick, a scientist, co-discovered DNA which opened new doors to the idea of evolutionism (History). DNA is the pattern by which people are created as individuals. Now Evolutionism is the only origin of life that can be taught in public schools. However, in private

Theme of The Hollow Men Essay -- essays research papers

There is said to be a thin line between the planning and the execution a sinister action, as the idea is what first drives the motion. This is the central theme of T.S. Eliot’s poem â€Å"The Hollow Men,† in which the men depicted find themselves on the brink of hell, suffering not from their actions, but from their conspiracy to act.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the poem, it appears that the men feel that they have done nothing wrong. The title itself, â€Å"The Hollow Men,† indicates that perhaps there is nothing to these men at all—as if they have done neither good nor evil. The conspiracy that they appear to be contriving is not made clear in the poem. One can only assume, however, that is it of some evil nature in the way that there is so much attention drawn to it. In Part I of the poem, the men seem to be vehemently pleading innocent to the audience. They argue that their collaborations are harmless in the lines, â€Å"Our dried voices, when/We whisper together/Are quiet and meaningless/As wind in dry grass.† It’s as if they are trying to persuade their audience that their efforts were truly without any cruel intention, like a â€Å"gesture without motion.† The men seem to know deep down that they have committed a wrong in the way that they are fervently denying their gu ilt, as anyone ashamed of something well generally deny it more than usual. Yet this excuse of passive planning could never possibly emancipate them from a fate in purgatory.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In t...

It 210 Week 7

1. 2 a. Input names of students from the user, terminated by †ZZZ†,0,0,0, and create a data file grades with records of the following form: student (String), test1 (Integer), test2 (Integer), test3 (Integer) Analysis Processes 1. Display Input student name and test scores screen 2. Prompt for Student name 3. Prompt scores 4. Perform calculations 5. Provide student names, scores and total Input 1. Student Name 2. Test Scores Output 1. Display Student name, scores and total Declare StudentName as string Declare Test1 as integer Declare Test2 as integer Declare Test3 as integer Open â€Å"GRADES† For Output As TestScoresSet Test1, Test2, Test3 = 0 Write â€Å"Enter students name and test scores. † Write â€Å"Enter ZZZ for students name when finished. † Input StudentName, Test1, Test2, Test3 While StudentName â€Å"ZZZ† Write TestScores, StudentName, Test1, Test2, Test3 Write â€Å"Enter students name and test scores. † Write â€Å"Enter Z ZZ for students name when finished. † Input StudentName, Test1, Test2, Test3 End While Close TestScores 2. Display the contents of the file GRADES created in Problem 1. Each student’s record should appear on a separate line and include the total score (the sum of the three tests) for that student.For example, a line of output might be as follows: R. Abrams 76 84 82 242 Declare Sum as integer Open â€Å"GRADES† For Input As TestScores While Not (TestScores) Read TestScores, StudentName, Test1, Test2, Test3 Add Test1 + Test2 + Test3 = Sum Write StudentName, â€Å" â€Å", Test1, Test2, Test3, Sum End While Close TestScores Declare Sum as integer Open â€Å"GRADES† For Input As TestScores While Not (TestScores) Read TestScores, Abrams, 76, 84,82, Add 76 + 84 + 82 = 242 Write â€Å"Abrams 84, 82, 76, 242† End While Close TestScores Expected Output: Abrams 76 84 82 242

Bank of Canada Monetary Policy

On the contrary to the policies of the United States, material about Canada’s monetary policy was easily accessible on the Bank of Canada website, straight-forward and easy to understand. It’s clear that their target audience is the average Canadian citizen. They didn’t give the ‘run-around’ so- to- speak, of what their main objectives are, and much of it was watered down so that anyone could comprehend it. The Bank focuses on keeping inflation low, stable and predictable in order to encourage long-term investments for citizens to contribute to lasting economic growth, the creation of jobs and increased productivity – which will ultimately improve standard of living. This strategy is encompassed by the inflation control target that was adopted by the Bank of Canada in 1991, which sets a control range of 1-3 percent, ideally with a 2 percent midpoint. And, looking at historical statistics since its inception, the Bank has been able to maintain this control effectively. For example, inflation rate for 1Q 2013 was 1. 3%. According to the Bank, this monetary policy is implemented by influencing short-term interest rates which is done by raising or lowering the target for the overnight rate. In the end, a reduction in the policy rate, or easing of monetary policy, can be expected to boost total demand for Canadian goods and services, and vice versa. In addition to this, another goal for the Bank is maintaining flexible exchange rates – which they consider best suited for achieving their inflation target. The floating Canadian dollar provides an exchange rate buffer which allows the economy to absorb and adjust to economic shocks it may encounter. Though additional factors like exchange rates and unemployment seem to be important to policy makers, they are not focused on as intently as inflation and little information is available in regard to them. Their thinking is that monetary policy cannot have a systematic and sustained effect on any other variable, thus making it senseless to adopt any other long-term targets. It seems apparent that the Canadian policy strives to remain â€Å"forward looking† in a sense. The Bank places much of its emphasis on long-lasting shocks to the economy, rather than those believed to be short lived. By attempting to keep inflation close to their target, they consider themselves better able to respond to changes in the economic environment in such a way to avoid situations of excess demand or upply. Thus, pressures of inflation rising or falling are kept to a minimum. There’s much argument surrounding whether or not Canada’s policy is really that good or if they have just been lucky over the years. Volatility has increased in the Canadian economy over the years, however, they believe that their â€Å"exceptional† economic performance was the result of an even greater imp rovement in monetary policy and the policy offset the volatile environment, resulting in greater macroeconomic performance. It’s especially important to the Bank to remain credible to the Canadian people by being open and clear about their policy choices. They feel that this credibility keeps expectations to preserve future inflation close to the target and this â€Å"anchors† them to ensure that it happens. Even though Canada’s approach to communicating its monetary policy is much different than that of the United States, one could argue that they may be ‘putting blinders’ on their citizens, to avoid poor performance in other areas. Is their layman, tunnel vision approach regarding inflation control diverting the public from questioning whether or not it the best framework to utilize to drive the economy in a positive direction? The Canadian economy is still struggling to recover from the Great Recession and is trying to find ways in order to avoid the zero lower bound issue, but they put little importance communicating on how they are going to do so with the public.

Critical Thinking and Ethics Essay

Critical thinking is a concept that is derived from the application of the cognition toward the separation of the most likely when one is presented with a set of possibilities, while ethics is used in reference to the perception of what is right or wrong in a defined situation (wisegeek.com). A relationship between critical thinking and ethics can be seen in the sense that the individual will have to think of several methods for approaching the issue of ethics, eliminating the most likely approach until he or she settles on that which will be the most acceptable for the situation. Another way of viewing the issue of the link between critical thinking and ethics is by considering the manner in which an individual can differentiate between his or her own personal ethical concepts and that of the organization. That is to say that people have their own ethical foundations that they must be able to categorize in a separate compartment from that of the organization (wisegeek.com). The principles and rules of critical thinking are applicable to ethical reasoning. One reason is because ethical reasoning is also culturally and religiously influenced and may at times suffer from misreading the environment or the desired accomplishments of actions. In addition, there are certain rules and guidelines of logic. If everyone followed the rules and guidelines of logic, there would still be a need for ethical decision-making. The reason is because morals and beliefs, such as religion or nonreligious beliefs, play a role in rules and guidelines of logic. In conclusion, critical thinking and ethics play a significant role in an individual’s critical thinking, morals and beliefs. Although the relationship between the two have many similarities, it is important that we have a clear understanding of the differences as well. References Ruggiero, V. R. (2012). Thinking critically about ethical issues. (9th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: McGraw-Hill Education. Retrieved from

Mobile Phone Life Cycle

Samsung Electronics is a semiconductor mobile phone and mobile phone component manufacturer. It exists in the most dynamic end of the consumer product industry. It cannot succeed without continuous incremental improvement and without constantly updating its product portfolio. The product life cycle for its premium product the Samsung galaxy S3 is estimated to be only 9 months. This occurs because customers withhold purchasing a product for which they know is going to be updated and replaced imminently.Samsung is a conglomerate in multiple markets, with the main profit centres being mobile telecommunications and information technology manufacturing. Samsung has posted record profits in its most recent financial quarter. Samsung is a dynamic but reactionary company; it emulates innovations by other manufacturers such as Apple but it operates in a marketplace where such things are common. It manufactures components for most other manufacturers of mobiles tablets and PCs. Samsung has an adversarial relationship with Apple who is Samsung’s both Samsung’s main competitor in mobile telephony and one of its biggest customer’s.Samsung has an advantage over Apple at present in that it has the infrastructure and dynamic capability to manufacture the components required. This leaves its main rival Apple requiring Samsung’s co-operation. Samsung is seeking to increase the price which it charges Apple. Strategically this is a wise option as switching costs for Apple essentially having to retool its entire operating network and refresh its product’s. Samsung is a company that prefers to grow organically. It has been suggested that the firm engage in a purchase of Blackberry maker Research in Motion. This would be characterised as a defensive acquisition.It would be merely adding to its portfolio of assets and gaining ownership of a mobile operating system. Currently it licences the Android from Google. Samsung has a strong diverse product po rtfolio and is capable of competing in numerous markets from the low end smartphones to the Premium Galaxy range; Samsung has a product for every possible price point. Samsung partners with other providers and builds phones and other devices for them such as the Google Chrome book. In an industry where there are numerous rivals and whereby Product Life Cycles are becoming progressively shorter.Samsung has an advantage in that as a semiconductor manufacturer it can respond to changes in the market dynamic quicker. A disadvantage for Samsung is that is does not have the same prestige as Apple and therefore cannot charge such premiums for its products. Samsung has to offer more at a lower price point than Apple does for its competing products. Samsung’s flagship Galaxy Range has 2 rivals for Apples iPhone the Galaxy S3 and the Galaxy NOTE 2. These combined even though they are of similar quality and differentiated towards different market segments than the iPhone 5 sales are sti ll less than Apple.Could Samsung drop the Samsung nomenclature and market its high end models as Galaxy? This could enhance the appeal of the high end premium line. In the technology business Samsung is a rare beast in that it rarely makes acquisitions. Very few technology acquisitions are deliberately earnings generative. Facebook buying Instagram and Microsoft buying Skype are considered to be primarily defensive plays to enhance and protect certain advantages each of these companies had. Samsung could purchase a rival chip maker, though logistically and practically there would be little point in doing so.Another concept potentially to consider would be merging with Google to create an all in one hardware and software company. While logistically this would be the ultimate defensive move by both sides, it would be very difficult integrating the different business cultures it would probably mean that Samsung would have to move its headquarters to the U. S. A. A merger to companies t hat are on friendly terms as it is would certainly produce synergies in financing, but as they both maintain large cash piles that are increasing every quarter it doesn’t seem that the risk would be worth it.Another option for Samsung would be Nokia this would give Samsung 30 per cent of all the patents for 4G networks which would give the firm a significant royalty stream from every 4G enabled phone worldwide over the next 8 to 10 years which is the expected length that 4G will remain as the most modern network. Samsung will however be paying for a brand name and significantly weak company . It would also have to fend off rumoured interest from Microsoft. It would be a costly acquisition at 30 billion dollars given the Market Capitalisation of Nokia today and the required premium with which would be required to be successful.Samsung could use its partnership with Renault Nissan in the automotive industry to create a suite of products automatically synchronised with the car. This would be similar enough the Tesla Model S. While this is a left-field suggestion it is leveraging assets that Samsung already has and utilising it in order to serve its main Profitable arm. This allows the firm to gain a competitive advantage over its main rival Apple. The struggling Nippon-French automobile manufacturing partnership might also be receptive to an outright takeover by Samsung.Samsung has heretofore been a trend follower, albeit a very adept and nimble one. It hasn’t necessarily been the most innovative company, however with product life cycles getting consistently smaller and the competition which Samsung faces at all ends of the market from the low end to very top is also getting more innovative. Samsung is one of only a small number of companies that could redefine the market. It already produces Smart TVs in large quantities. It could start selling phones laptops and tablets TVs in large bulk quantities by already pre synchronising them for customers.I ts steps like this that will put it ahead of its main rival Apple which is rumoured to be introducing a television that is expected to permanently alter viewing experience. In order to successfully manage this transition Samsung would have to be ahead in the U. S. A first and foremost. Gaining access to material is what blocked Apples entry into this new market. Aggressively Samsung could purchase a cable company or Netflix and control this content for itself, gaining such an imperative competitive advantage.Samsung if it wanted to be aggressive could stop supplying Apple severely hampering its main rival’s operations while aggressively increasing market share elsewhere by undercutting Apple. Another strategy would be to introduce a phone that would have enhanced abilities i. e. a class above its premium Galaxy range and equivalent iPhone 5 and Google Nexus 5. This would entrap Apple in a Pincer movement that would allow Samsung to be effectively the supplier of the latest ac cessory mobile phone, which at present is the iPhone 5 rather than the equivalent S3 and Note 2.The other strategy is to remain second the mobile phone market and a distant competitor to Apple in the Tablet market, this is the most conservative option and requires the least capital outlay, however it risks being overtaken in the same way Nokia was. In the technology market an aggressive approach would be beneficial, but as the relationship between Google and Samsung is seen as quite good the optimal strategy would be to jointly design products that would create a short term monopoly , such things exist in a world where second best is very often a distant second.Utilising inherent dynamic capabilities it was Apple who was playing catch up to the S3 and Note 2 but the iPhone 5 is outselling both products collectively, this could be because of the inertia derived from being introduced to a particular eco-system, in this way Apple has a first mover advantage in that it has a lot of loya l clients. Samsung primarily operates on Google’s Android operating system which is compatible with other Android users such as HTC and LG. At present Android has 68% of the market but the high margin clients have primarily tended to purchase Apple products.This is an issue that is only further compounded by time. In order to overcome this Samsung would have to be overly aggressive on a pricing strategy for a phone that would be significantly more advanced than its predecessors and its rivals. Samsung Electronics as a whole is a diversified technology company that should continue to grow unless it commit’s the cardinal sin of failing to innovate. It is a buy but it will have to alter its practices if it wants to surpass Apple’s profitability. S. Decker, 2012 Samsung Gets Review of Loss to Apple in U.S. Patent Case http://www. businessweek. com/news/2012-11-19/samsung-gets-review-of-loss-to-apple-in-u-dot-s-dot-patent-case Last Accessed 20/11/12 11. 25 http://www . investopedia. com/terms/d/defensiveacquisition. asp#axzz2ClJTl2OX Last Accessed 20/11/12 11. 30 Sam Grobart, 2012 Samsung's Four (Easy) Steps to Mobile Dominance http://www. businessweek. com/articles/2012-11-19/samsungs-four-easy-steps-to-mobile-dominance Last Accessed 20/11/12 11. 30 Samsung Annual Report 2011

An Analysis of the Culture of an Organization Essay

An Analysis of the Culture of an Organization - Essay Example An organization is a social unit of people that is structured and managed to meet a need or to pursue collective goals. All organizations have a management structure that determines relationships between different activities and the members and assigns roles and responsibilities to actualize different tasks. Since time immemorial, human beings had to organize the activities that were paramount to their survival. According to Hatch (4), as  organizations evolve and become more dynamic, coping systems and methods of how to manage change continue to be refined. Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF, or Doctors Without Borders) is a renowned, independent international non-governmental organization that responds to emergency humanitarian situations by delivering emergency aid to people afflicted by natural or man made catastrophes, armed conflict, epidemics, and healthcare exclusion.This organization combines medical, charitable, witnessing or (temoignage) and advocacy in a unique way. Since it s inception in 1971, MSF has grown from a small, charismatic lobby group into a large institution comprising of 19 sections, and 25,000 staff members, 20 presidents, 20 directors, and more than 200 board members. It operates in not less than 77 countries, with 365 projects. Culture The term culture encompasses the primary values, attitudes and regulations that make a society what it is. A community’s customs, the self-image of its people and the attributes that distinguish it from other societies are its culture. Culture is strongly personal and mirrors the meanings that are naturally linked to situations, and the solutions, that resolve common problems. Schein (1985) argues that culture includes the fundamental assumptions that any given group of individuals have formulated or gained while learning to deal with its issues of exterior or internal adjustment and can be considered suitable enough to be imparted to new members as the acceptable way to perceive and react to these problems. Since an organization comprises of people from different backgrounds and exists in an environment, certain behaviors emerge consequently forming the culture of that organization. At the same time, an organization can define or create its own culture based on its circumstances and endeavors. Furthermore, people enter organizations from the surrounding community and bring their culture with them. It is still possible for organizations to have cultures of their own, as they possess the paradoxical quality of being both ‘part’ of and ‘apart’ from society. They are embedded in the wider societal context but they are also communities of their own with distinct rules and values. MSF includes a work force recruited from all over the world that blend well to breed a unique culture. The fact that MSF offers its assistance worldwide, it encounters people with a wide range of cultures causing it to align itself with different cultures to enable it integrate and achieve its purpose. At the same time, MSF is not alone in the field of international non-governmental organizations. Despite this background, MSF is envied for its ability to remain steadfastly independent. Organizational Culture Schein (1992) defines the culture of a group or organization as a model of shared basic statements the group acquires as it works out its dilemma of external adaptation and internal integration, which has worked well enough to be adapted and entrenched as the blueprint and accepted mode of socialization within an

Strategic Choice and Evaluation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Strategic Choice and Evaluation - Research Paper Example According to the paper  the senior management of Merifashion must pay close attention not only to its strategic factors such as ‘where’, ‘how’, and ‘when’ but also to the role played by organizational factors that are responsible for transforming a strategy into reality. For instance, once they embark on promotional campaigns for its fashionable products, they should start this by setting up a strategic plan. Lack of these factors can dampen its growth plans, organizational structures and processes as well as be able to tackle the day-to-day challenges and problems it faces today. In addition, key personnel may lack the necessary skills and attributes for them to cope up with the complexities brought about by growth. There are certain strategies, which are recommended in this paper that could help Merifashion to deal with such stalemates.This essay discusses that  one major strategy than Merifashion could follow to ensure continued success i n the business of fashionable products is the engagement of all staff irrespective of their level throughout the organization. Strategic planning is not an event but a process. It has to take certain steps so as to ensure continued success and prosperity in the organization. Engagement of staff generates added input into the organization that helps t build and grow commitment among the staff members.  It is of very high importance for Merifashion to involve employees in the strategy planning.

No Title Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

No Title - Essay Example The investment level brings the height of variation in output of the economy. When the economy is at maximum employment level, workers are capable of demanding increase in wages (Owyang, pp. 604-616). The current US economy is encouraging with more jobs created. The recent statistics shows that 295,000 job opportunities were added by February this year. It was against the prediction by many economists who estimated approximately 235,000 job increase. There is a decline of five point five percent unemployment rate in US marking the least figure since 2008. There is an improvement compared to the past year that stood at 6.7%. The unemployment figure can be used to locate the state of the economy of US in the business cycle. Considering that there is a steady decline, it is true to say US is undergoing recovery after the past crisis they experienced (Khasnabis, pp.16-25). Last month’s figures were disappointing where there was an addition of 126,000 job opportunities in US. It is an indication that market labor is ultimately tripped up by a wider slowdown in the economy. Going to the business cycle it can be focused that the economy will hit the expansion phase (Khasnabis, pp.16-25). India has gone through rapid growth since the opening up of its economy in 1991. Policies of privatization were introduced making ten percent of the people come out poverty clutch. Currently, there is hope for the nation since they have registered some economic improvement. The analysis gives the position of India compared to other poor countries for a better understanding of the changes in the economy (Khasnabis, pp.16-25). India is a weak nation. There are various measures to be used including the provided data. It can be defined in terms of per capita expenditure of calorie intake by an individual and pay back the cost of survival. Benchmarking on the statistics provided, purchasing power variability is key in

German Immigrants Contribution in Union Army During Civil War Term Paper

German Immigrants Contribution in Union Army During Civil War - Term Paper Example Conversely, the Southerners had been a pro-slavery group. The army that was loyal to the north was referred to as the Union army, whereas, the army that was loyal to the south had been referred to as the Confederate army. The nature of the war between these two sides was such that each member of the society was to offer their services, for a charge of course, to the army allied to that region. However, it was agreed that a member could seek their replacement in the army. This was as long as they paid the person taking their place. This arrangement was significantly beneficial to the large immigrants who were seeking secure economic life and a safe place to call home. Aside from the pay, these immigrants received from the people they were replacing, they were also entitled to a salary from the army. Given this, there is no surprise that both armies were in the end characterized by an enormous number of immigrants. Germans immigrants formed a considerable percentage of these immigrants who entered the war. This paper seeks to expound on the role played specifically by these German immigrants in the American Civil War. It is imperative to mention that the analysis of the role of these immigrant soldiers will hinge on those in the Union army. This is because a majority of the German immigrants dedicated their allegiance to this side of the war. There were indeed German immigrants who went the other way. Analysis Prior to analyzing the impact of German immigrants on the American civil war, it is imperative to first expound on the factors motivating this large number of Germans into war. The first motivation was of course financial gain. An immigrant in the United States had to compete for menial work with the slaves. As such, their chances of securing gainful employment were dismal at best. This is the picture of the prospective life of an immigrant in the United States. However, enter the war and this picture transforms drastically and a ray of hope now becomes vis ible. The wage rate given by the two employers, that is the army and the individual they are replacing in the war is extremely higher than the immigrants could ever predict1. Given the gravity of the prospect of low living conditions that faced the immigrants; the power of this financial incentive cannot be overestimated. The second motivating factor hinges on the moral and emotional. A majority of the Germans who immigrated into America were escaping retribution for their role in the failed civil war, in Germany2. Amongst other vices, they were fighting against. This is a form of slavery in the context of the German word. Given this fact, it is no wonder they retaliated with any form of slavery that was still being practiced in the United States of America. However, it is crucial to point out that as society expects, they were some individuals who were not so appalled by this vice hence fighting for the other side, which is the pro-slavery southern side. An additional motivating fa ctor is hinged on the fact that, via the war, the immigrants had a golden opportunity of becoming citizens of America. This was a chance very few immigrants if any, could pass. The temptation of lawfully gaining citizenship was more than the fright of demise. This is hinged on the rationale that many of these immigrants had their families to consider. As a result of the revolution of 1848, Germany had been facing both political and economic troubles3. As such, a great number of citizens opted to

ALJAZEERA AIRWAYS GROUP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ALJAZEERA AIRWAYS GROUP - Essay Example The company’s profit have been increasing slowly throughout the years, and this can be clearly seen as from the year 2010 its average yield have been increasing until 2013 the yield is still elevating. This is a clear indication that the years to come the company average yield will still continue to grow. The company operates on a revenue of KD 65.6 million, this can be said to be its budget, out of this budget the company makes an operating profit of worth KD 20.6 million, after all the expenses have been catered for the company remains with a net profit of KD 16.7 million which can be shared among its shareholders and payment of its employees (Dron and Alan 2013). The company performance have been increasing slowly by slowly hence this has made the company to outdo other flight companies, this can be seen as from the year 2011, the performance of the company was at equilibrium with other companies that offers the same service. When it came to the year, 2012 the company’s production increased by 9% making it be at 59% from 50% the equilibrium level. In the year 2013 when the financial report was being released it was noted that the company’s performance had increased further by 16%, unlike other companies that have been depreciating in the level of their performance. According to me, Jazeera Airways Group is better off than other companies, this is because it is making the spontaneous increase in production and profit from the year 2011 to the year 2013. Its performance is magnificent and encouraging. The revenues that Jazeera Company had at the end of the financial year 2013 was 78%. The year 2012 the company made a profit of 76% showing an increase of 2% of income. This is an indicator of the increase in performance hence it can be said that the company made a positive profit increase. The company has also been, making a net

Erection and Construction Procedure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Erection and Construction Procedure - Essay Example This study also looks into the safety measures which ensure that the workers in these projects are safe. There are well laid down standards for any structure, which ensure the safety of the structures and the workers. The study discusses the erection and construction procedure from the designing stage up to the completion stage. Purpose The principal purpose or the objective of this study is to establish the driving forces behind collapses and shifts in the structures. It seeks to establish the recommended procedures for construction of various structures and the guidelines provided to ensure the safety of the workers. The intent of this paper is to give a clear procedure of how structures are supposed to be built right from the design stage up to the completion stage. The paper also intends to explore the regulations governing the construction industry in Britain. The paper also seeks to explain various logistics put in place by various organizations concerned with the safety and he alth of the workers. The Procedure Design and Planning It is essential to note from the onset that the initial step of any construction work is the design. Designing of a construction work is the act of creating a new facility which is represented by a series of steps and specifications. The series of steps explains the activities and materials required for the whole construction. The engineers and architects who are involved in the design and the planning process must well be aware of what the project requires, and they must be an experienced team. During this design stage, the engineers designing any structure must give a list or a breakdown of materials required for the purpose of undertaking the whole project (Pallotta 169). The process of designing has to be completed before the process of erection begins. The process of undertaking any construction project requires all the parties to work in unison and cooperation. Regulations Any construction project is subject to extensive r egulation within the framework of Health and Safety at work which must be adhered to. The supervisors, engineers and managers working on the site should be aware of all the regulations and ensure that they are observed to the letter. The site on which any construction work is to be carried out must not have negative effects to the environment. The relevant authorities survey the site and ensure that it is conducive and does not pose any hazards for the construction of any structure. Project implementers These are the people or organizations which are held responsible for the management of the construction project. Most of the construction works are given out as contracts to contractors; and the project team selected depends on the contract, it may be public or private. The project team is mainly made of the customer, who decides what he wants, supervises the work and pays for the project. The second person involved is the designer; he designs the structure and oversees its construct ion. The principal contractor oversees the whole project and also the health and safety of the construction site. These management team will most of the times use sub contractors and other consultants to help them deliver their duties. The contractor of the project should be based in the construction site throughout the construction process, but the designer, though he has roles in the construction site, is not always there. Steelwork Contractor Most of the structure being erected uses steel metal and

Yourself & your best qualities or leadership skills are Essay

Yourself & your best qualities or leadership skills are - Essay Example I realized that if I will work upon the ability of mine I could become a good leader. In this struggle to become an individual with good and strong leadership, I learned a lot. According to numerous others and me, the best qualities of mine are communication and emotional intelligence. Over the period with various experiences, I learnt that good communication is not just about presenting ideas in a better way but is also about good skills of listening and understanding other person point of view without any mental hindrance and pre-conceived blockage. Only an individual who is able to listen to others better will be able to make other listen to him because communication is a two-way street. Emotional intelligence helped me to understand the background, importance and value people assign to their beliefs and perception regarding any subject. This understanding helped me to communicate better by helping me to develop my communication content in a more correct manner so that it does not harm the initiative by being disregardful to the individual being communicated to. Besides these, the most important quality of a leader is his vision and strategy towards the goal and about its achievement procedure (What are Good Leadership Skills, 2007). It is necessary for a leader to have vision to see the long-term effects of the strategies in place and the future need for the organization. Only when a leader would be able to develop his strategies in regards of future benefits and goals he would be able to lead his team in a better way. This again is something, which I am learning with time and experience, and in this regard, experience is the best teacher. I firmly believe that realizing the importance of teamwork is an essential attribute of a good leader. This is because if a leader were not able to realize the importance and power of teamwork, then there would not be much difference in a leader and a dictator. A team of qualified

Twenty-first Centry Images of Nurses and Nursing Essay

Twenty-first Centry Images of Nurses and Nursing - Essay Example Effective leaders in the nursing professional also ensure that the nursing education and practices are quality and safe. Effective nursing leadership advocates for an innovative, collaborative, and evidence-based working environment, which assists the nurses in the profession to have value and respect in their position. The nursing profession has evolved over the years, from the initial description of altering the environment to ensure that the patient is in the best condition possible for nature to act upon them. This was the initial description of nursing by Florence Nightingale in the mid 1800s. However, the world has had broad and milestone advances in technology and scientific facts over the past decades, thus the roles of nurses have evolved to those of promoting health, assisting patients to cope with their illnesses, and preventing diseases. The roles of a nurse including meeting some of the needs of a patient that cannot be met by any other member of the society (Summers and Jacobs, 2009). Currently, the nursing career is a helping profession, providing assistance services to the well being and health care of patients. Nonetheless, the nursing profession is expected to evolve even more as we venture into the second decade of the twenty-first century. The nursing stereotypes has also changed with the development of the nursing profession, evolving from a domestic art, a religious calling, a skilled discipline, a pool of expert managers, a pool of expert clinicians to today. The media representation of the nursing professional influences the societal view of nurses and nursing in general, portraying them as toxic to innocuous. Among the representations include the ministering angels taking care of wounded soldiers, the dumb nurses happy to be on the receiving end of patients’ coughs, the saucy nurses wearing their usual abbreviated skirts, pneumatic breasts and frilly hats, and the battleaxe, the queen of patient torture in ward routines. However, experienced and qualified nurses have come forth to present the real images of nursing and the profession, arguing that the media portrays the professionals as background fillers rather than highly skilled, university educated, and autonomous health care specialists responsible for the life and death of patients. These nurses oppose the commonly held notion that technology can replace nursing, presenting facts that back their stand. According to them, a device hooked up to a patient cannot detect some of the subtle changes that may be life threatening to the patient like demeanor, color, state of mind, or their speech (Summers and Jacobs, 2009). The image of nurses and nursing is improving over time, with more regards and appreciation over the importance of the profession. The education and practicing standards of nurses have improved immensely in the twenty-first century, with the curriculum incorporating high-level skills and techniques on health care. In today’s society, nursing is considered as an autonomous and professional, complete with its own theories and methodology. 2. Describe three historical views that influence or have influenced the definition of contemporary nursing as a science, an art, and a practice? Many nurse researchers consider the contemporary nursing profession as a basic science. This is a result of the various nursing theories put forth. Contemporary nursing principles organize the nursing theories in a hierarchical order,

Resume Cover Letter Essay Example for Free

Resume Cover Letter Essay I am submitting the enclosed resume for the Resident Assistant position, which first appeared to me through Facebook. My background of customer service and education will help me apply for this position. First of all, I would love to be a Resident Assistant. I enjoy working with others, and helping people solve their problems. I know being a RA will help me in many ways. I will be able to make new friends and get to know people better; I will have a higher chance getting into future jobs with this experience, and I will be a leader for other people in need to follow. When I worked at McDonald’s for more than a year I learned how exactly to talk to people. You might think working at McDonald’s would not prepare me for anything in life, but I learned when to be polite and when to be stern when frustrated customers would come to me complaining about their food. I had to deal with many uncomfortable situations which I knew how to deal with perfectly. I manage to stay calm in stressful situations. I am enthusiastic about exploring new opportunities with this job. I want to thank you for taking time to read my letter, and I hope to meet with you about this job.

Fluoroquinolones for Infectious Diseases Treatment

Fluoroquinolones for Infectious Diseases Treatment 1.10 Pharmaceuticals 1.10.2 Fluoroquinolones Fluoroquinolones are extensively used for treatment of various infectious diseases. [[1]]. Because of their extensive Gram negative treatment, quinolone antibiotics were initially used for the treatment urinary tract related diseases. Higher drug concentrations promote their effectiveness in the treatment of urinary infections. lomefloxacin, levofloxacin ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, enrofloxacin, and gatifloxacin have higher renal clearance to analyze the activity of the kidney and urine concentration test measures the ability of the kidneys to excrete water. Fluoroquinolones enter the environment by different routes including municipal and industrial wastewater effluent. The recent studies show that from many parts of the world reported the presence of fluoroquinolones in surface water bodies at concentrations ranging from non-detectable to around 50 ng dm-3 [[2]]. The existence and addition of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in aquatic environments, at very low concentrations, may cause affect to the ecosystem and human health. They require development of the different oxidation methods for the transformation of fluoroquinolones in water during water treatment. Disinfection processes (e.g., chlorination, oxidation, and UV irradiation) appear to result in considerable addition of fluoroquinolone and their transformation during municipal treatment of waste before to release into water stream [[3]]. An added disinfectant may undergo transformation reactions with antibacterial agents during water treatment. Sodium hypochlorite is a commonly intended for chlorination of water during disinfection process, and also potassium permanganate may be also used for disinfection processes[[4][5]]. Considering the occurrence of chlorine in municipal wastewater and drinking water disinfection processes, reactions with aqueous chlorine species likely play a particularly important role in the environmental fate of fluoroquinolones. Levofloxacin Levofloxacin is in a class of antibacterial agent called fluoroquinolones. It is used for the treatment of certain bacterial infections. Levofloxacin is used to treat certain infections such as urinary tract, chronic pneumonia, bronchitis, kidney and skin infections. Levofloxacin may used to prevent anthrax in people who may have been open to anthrax germs in the air. It works by destroying bacteria that causes infections. Antibiotics will not work for viral infections, flu, colds, or other diseases. Lomefloxacin Structure of Lomefloxacin (LMF) Lomefloxacin is also class of fluoroquinolones antibacterial agent.This used to treat a wide range of bacterial infections. It is used to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. Lomefloxacin is associated with photo toxicity and central nervous system adverse effects [[6]]. 1.10.3 Oxazolidinones The oxazolidinones, a new class of synthetic antibacterial agents have a distinctive mechanism of to contorol bacterial protein synthesis. The oxazolidinone to be approved for clinical use, show in-vitro activity against many important resistant harmful organisms. Clinical trials verified the action in the setting of pneumonia soft-tissue, and skin infections, and infections due to vancomycin-resistant. [[7]]. Linezolid Linezolid is an antibacterial agent used to treat certain serious bacterial infections that have not taken action from other antibacterial agents. Linezolid is not only used to treats bacterial infections, but also for viral infections. Unnecessary use or over use of any antibiotic can lead to its reduces effectiveness. Linezolid is a relatively safe drug; it can be used in patients of all ages and in people with poor kidney function or liver disease [[8]]. The current study was undertaken to elucidate reaction products, kinetics, and mechanism between free available chlorine (FAC) or permanganate with fluoroquinolones class of antibacterial agents such as levofloxacin (LFC) Lomefloxacin (LMF) and oxazolidinone class of antibacterial agent linezolid (LNZ). Which are the most popular for disease control and prevention in the recently are used. 1.10.1. Routes of pharmaceuticals entering into the environment The figures 1.4.a. and 1.4.b. and figure 1.5 shows that a large fraction of clinically prescribed antibiotic dose is discharged into municipal waste water systems due to incomplete metabolism of antibiotics within the human body. (Rain) runoff water carries the hospital wastes to rivers and contaminates the river water. In recent years, there has been growing concern about the presence of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment. Continuous exposure of antibiotics to bacterial communities, promotes the bacteria to develop antibiotic resistance. Possible induction of antibiotic resistance in bacteria is directly related to human health. The action of antibiotics during water treatment process clearly plays a significant role in this regard. Antibacterials and other pharmaceutical are having the tendency to persist contaminants in the water supply is of increasing concern in the field of environmental toxicology. Several national and international bodies have reported the presence of antibacterials in surface water, ground water, drinking water, and waste water [[9]]. Antibacterials were primarily observed as â€Å"wonder medicines† mainly because they were introduced from surgical drains or spontaneous cure were available to treat serious bacterial diseases. Many classes of these antibacterial agents were discovered in the last five to six decades. These include penicillins, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, chloramphenicol, cephalosporins, colimycins, tetracyclines, lincosamides etc, [[10]]. Understanding the fate and transportation of antibacterial agents in the aquatic environment is vital to properly assess the risk associated with these emerging contaminants [[11]]. What happens to these antibacterial agents during municipal water treatment? Municipal water treatment essentially involve following processes; The steps involved in conventional water treatment method are shown in the above flow diagram. The aeration process is carried out to remove the odor from the water. The filtration is the removal of the solids, specially suspended matter, by passing the water through a granular media (sand, coal, diatomaceous earth, granular activated carbon). The colloidal particles pass through the filtration process and removed using coagulants in the flocculation process. The micro contaminants, which are dissolved in water, can easily pass through aeration, filtration and flocculation processes but they may react with the disinfectants in the last process. What are the commonly used disinfectants? Chlorine: Chlorine gas, NaOCl, Bleaching powder, Conventional water treatment Chloramines: Weak disinfectant and low rate of reaction Ozone: Costly UV/H2O2: Costly Not suitable for Municipal water treatment KMnO4: Potassium permanganate is usually applied for waste water treatment 1.11 Disinfection Disinfection is the process of killing pathogenic organisms like bacteria and viruses in the drinking water supply. It is the last step in the treatment and is necessary to supply a â€Å"bacteriologically free† drinking water for the general public usage. Disinfection is the necessary step before the public water supplies. Chlorination is the treatment technique of killing harmful microorganisms in water supplies. 1.11.1 Chlorination An added layer of complexity in this problem lies in the potential bio-transformation antibacterial agents can undergo during drinking water chlorination. Chlorination, in the form of sodium hypochlorite, is a common mechanism of drinking water disinfection. [[12]]. Chlorination has been shown degradation of certain parent drugs in drinking water [[13]]. The effect of chlorination has been studied for several non antibacterials. However, these studies are few in comparison to the variety of pharmaceutical contaminants our environment faces [[14]]. A long-term objective of this research work is to know the fate of antibacterial in the water supply when they are exposed to chlorination and oxidation in the drinking water treatment process. Microorganisms can be found in raw water like rivers, lakes and groundwater. Some microorganisms may cause diseases in human and are called pathogens. These pathogens existing in water can be transmitted through a drinking water distribution system, causes water related diseases. The use of chlorine in the water treatment process was originally directed to the primary function of disinfection. Chlorination is one of the methods that can be used to make germ-free water. This method was first used over a hundred years ago, and is still it is continued. It is a chemical disinfection method that uses various types of chlorine or chlorine-containing substances for the oxidation and disinfection of what will be the potable water source. 1.11.2 Importance and benefits of chlorination of water Many investigations and studies have been carried out to make sure success in new treatment plants using chlorine as a cleaning agent. An important benefit of chlorination is that it has effective against viruses and bacteria. The three most common types of chlorinating agents used in water treatment are: Ca (OCl)2 (calcium hypochlorite), NaOCl (sodium hypochlorite), and Cl2 (chlorine) gas, Any type of chlorinating agent is added to water during the water treatment process will lead to form of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and hypochlorite ion (OCl), which are the main disinfecting species. Of the two disinfecting species, hypochlorous acid is the most effective. The amount of each compound present in the water is dependent on the pH level of the water. At lower pH levels, the hypochlorous acid will dominant. The quantity of chlorine that is required to disinfect water is depends on the impurities in the water. The amount of chlorine that is required to satisfy all the impurities is termed the ‘chlorine demand. Once the chlorine demand has been reached is called breakpoint chlorination i.e., the addition of chlorine to water until the chlorine demand has been fulfilled. After the breakpoint, any extra chlorine added will result in free chlorine residual, residual chlorine can react with a number of different contaminants present in raw water The main purpose of chlorination is to disinfect water, but it also has many other benefits. Unlike some of the other disinfection methods like ozonation and ultraviolet radiation, chlorination is able to provide a residual to reduce the chance of growing pathogens in water storage tanks or the water distribution system. 1.11.3 Types of chlorinating agents 1.11.3 .1 Chlorine Gas Chlorine gas is good disinfectant, but it is toxic to more than just waterborne pathogens; it is also toxic to humans. When chlorine gas (Cl2) is added to the water (H2O), it hydrolyzes rapidly to produce hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and the hypochlorous acid will then dissociate into hypochlorite ions (OCl) and hydrogen ions (H+). Because hydrogen ions are produced, the water will become more acidic (the pH of the water will decrease). The amount of dissociation depends on the original pH of the water. If the pH of the water is below a 6.5, nearly no dissociation will occur and the hypochlorous acid will dominate. A pH above 8.5 will see a complete dissociation of chlorine, and hypochlorite ions will dominate. A pH between 6.5 and 8.5 will see both hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ions present in the water. Together, the hypochlorous acid and the hypochlorite ions are referred to as free chlorine. Hypchlorous acid is the more effective disinfectant, and therefore, a lower pH is preferred for disinfection. 1.11.3.2 Calcium hypochlorite Calcium hypochlorite Ca (OCl) 2 is made up of the calcium salts of hypochlorous acid. When treating water, a lesser amount of calcium hypochlorite is needed than if using chlorine gas. When calcium hypochlorite is added to water, hypochlorite and calcium ions are produced. Instead of decreasing the pH like chlorine gas does, calcium hypochlorite increases the pH of the water. However, hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite concentrations are still dependent on the pH of the water; therefore by decreasing the pH of the water, hypochlorous acid will still be present in the water. As a result, calcium hypochlorite and chlorine gas both produce the same type of residuals. 1.11.3 .3 Sodium hypochlorite Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is made up of the sodium salts of hypochlorous acid and is a chlorine-containing compound that can be used as a disinfectant. It is produced when chlorine gas is dissolved into a sodium hydroxide solution. It is in liquid form, clear with a light yellow color, and has a strong chlorine smell. Sodium hypochlorite is extremely corrosive and must be stored in a cool, dark, and dry place. Sodium hypochlorite will naturally decompose; therefore it cannot be stored for more than one month at a time. Of all the different types of chlorine available for use, this is the easiest to handle. Like calcium hypochlorite, sodium hypochlorite will also produce a hypochlorite ion, but instead of calcium ions, sodium ions are produced. NaOCl will also increase the pH of the water through the formation of hypochlorite ions. To obtain hypochlorous acid, which is a more effective disinfectant, the pH of the water should be decreased. In drinking water, the concentration of chlorine is usually very low and is thus not a concern in acute exposure. More of a concern is the long term risk of cancer due to chronic exposure to chlorinated water. Chlorination is a very conventional method of water disinfection that has been used from several years. It is efficient for destroying viruses and bacteria. 1.12 Aqueous chlorination chemistry In water treatment, gaseous chlorine Cl2 or hypochlorite are commonly used for chlorination processes. Chlorine gas (Cl2) hydrolyzes in water according to the following reaction: Fig.1.5. Relative distribution of main aqueous chlorine species as a function of pH at 25 ËÅ ¡C and for a chloride concentration Where k1 and k-1 values, calculated at  µ=0 M and 25ËÅ ¡C from Wang and Margerum, are 22.3 s-1 and 4.3Ãâ€"104 M-2 s-1, respectively. For temperatures between 0 and 25 1ËÅ ¡C, KCl2 ranges from 1.3Ãâ€"10-4 to 5.1Ãâ€"10-4 [[15]]. Hypochlorous acid resulting from reaction (1), is a weak acid which dissociates in aqueous solution: With KHOCl reported in literature between 1.5Ãâ€"10-8 (pKaHOCl,0ËÅ ¡C = 7.82) and 2.9Ãâ€"10-8 (pKaHOCl,25ËÅ ¡C= 7.54) for temperatures between 0 and 25 ËÅ ¡C [[16]]. Under typical water treatment conditions in the pH range 6–9, hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite are the main chlorine species. Depending on the temperature and pH level, different distributions of aqueous chlorine species are observed. Fig. 1.6. Shows the distribution of HOCl and ClO as a function of the pH at 25ËÅ ¡C and for a chloride concentration of 5Ãâ€"10-3 M (177.5mgL-1). 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